What Percent Native American Do You Need to Be

Every day, I receive e-mails very similar to this 1.

"My family has always said that we were part Native American.  I want to evidence this so that I can receive help with money for college."

The reasons vary, and not everyone wants to show their heritage in guild to qualify for some type of help.  Some desire to find their tribe and join to repossess their lost heritage.  Some want to honor their persecuted and hidden ancestors, undoing some of the wickedness of the past, and some simply seek the truth.  Regardless of why, they are all searching for data lost to them.

I'd similar to talk about iii topics in proving Native Beginnings.  Outset, I'd similar to exercise some myth-busting.  2nd, I'd like to talk a footling about conventional research and tertiary, I'd like to talk over what DNA can, and can't, exercise for you.

As you read this web log, please click on the links.  I'one thousand not going to repeat something I've already covered elsewhere.

Myth-Busting

Myth 1 – Free College

There is no free higher for Native Americans.  There are sometimes scholarships and grants available, by and large by the individual tribes themselves, for their official members.

Myth ii – Joining a Tribe

Many people think that if they can only figure out which tribe their ancestor descends from, they can bring together.  This is untrue.  Each tribe is a sovereign nation, and they get to determine their criteria for membership.  Well-nigh tribes require a specific percentage of Native "blood," called blood quantum, in addition to being able to document which tribal member you lot descend from.  Some tribes require as much as 25% Native heritage, and most require at least one/xvi^th Native heritage, which is ane cracking-great grandparent.  If you don't know who in your family was a tribal member it's unlikely that you would exist able to come across the blood quantum requirement.

Myth iii – DNA Testing Will Reveal my Tribe

By and large, Dna testing does not provide united states with the information needed to determine a tribe, although it tin clearly tell, using y-line or mitochondrial Dna testing, whether your direct paternal or maternal line was or was non Native.  Sometimes you will be able to infer a tribe based on your matches and their documented history, but the definition of tribes, their names and locations have inverse over fourth dimension.  Nosotros are working on improving this ability, but the science simply isn't in that location yet and the number of Native people who take tested remains small.

Simply put, near federally recognized tribes aren't interested in more tribal members.  More members hateful a smaller piece of the pie for existing members.  The pot of resources, whatever resources yous're discussing, is only and so large and it must exist shared by all tribal members.

What is a Tribe?

Tribes in the Us fall into two categories.  When most people think nearly tribes they are talking about federally recognized tribes.  Those are tribes that take some continuity with the past, such as they have ever been a tribe, or they still retain tribal lands, etc., and the federal authorities recognizes them every bit such.  These are the tribes that qualify for regime programs and many own casinos.  As yous might imagine, with the influx of casino coin, the desire to bring together a tribe has increased significantly.

The second category is non-federally recognized tribes.  Some are country recognized and others, not at all.  State recognition does not in any fashion guarantee federal or state funding and at that place are no universal standards for land recognition.  In other words, your mileage may vary, widely.  Not-federally recognized tribes are oft run equally non-turn a profit entities.  In many cases, these tribes will help people research and document their genealogy and may be more open to tribal membership for those connecting with their Native heritage.

Be enlightened that some "tribes" that autumn into the non-federally recognized category may be less than upstanding.  Some tend to come and go.  In i case, to apply to join, one had to provide information such every bit social security numbers and a consummate family unit pedigree including your children. In some cases, membership is very expensive, hundreds of dollars, but is available to almost anyone for the right price.  When evaluating tribes that are non federally recognized, if something sounds fishy, it probably is.  Caution is the watchword.

In full general, the federally recognized tribes do not feel kindly towards the non-federally recognized tribes and view them as "faux," interlopers trying to get part of that pie.  Of course, the not-federally recognized tribes feel differently; that they are reclaiming their heritage denied them.  Native American politics is nothing new and is fraught with landmines.

No federally recognized tribes, to the best of my cognition, have considered Deoxyribonucleic acid testing every bit a criteria for membership.  No federally recognized tribe has endorsed or participated in Dna testing that I'1000 aware of.  This does not hateful that individuals accept not privately tested.

Traditional Genealogy Enquiry

Given the criteria for membership in federally recognized tribes, traditional genealogy is the only way to obtain the type of data required.  If your family history includes a tribal name, and east of the Mississippi, that nigh often is Cherokee, contact the various Cherokee tribes to ask most membership criteria.  If the membership criteria is 25% blood breakthrough, and you must alive on the reservation, you're toast…..no need to go along that line of research if your goal is to bring together the tribe.

If your goal is just to find your Native ancestor, that's another matter entirely.  Brainstorm by using the traditional inquiry tools.

Start, expect at where your ancestor or that family line was located.  Did they migrate from elsewhere?  How were they listed in the demography?  Was someone listed as other than white, indicating mixed race?  Check the records where they lived, taxation records and others to see if there is whatsoever indication of not-European heritage.  Recall that your not-white ancestor would have retained their "darker" eyebrow for at least 2 generations subsequently being admixed.  Many Native people were admixed very early.

Then first, bank check the normal genealogy records and look for hints and traces of non-European ancestry.

Second, turn to Native resource that might reverberate the Native people in the areas where your family is or was institute.  The Access Genealogy site is absolutely wonderful and has an amazingly complete fix of records including searchable tribal rolls.  In addition, I add information virtually daily to the Native Heritage Project at www.nativeheritageproject.com, which is searchable.  There are many more resources including several collections at Ancestry.com.

Hopefully, these records will help narrow your focus in your family tree to a detail person or ii, not but a full general co-operative.  Family unit rumors similar "Grandma was a Cherokee Princess" are specially unuseful.  What they more than likely mean is that there was indeed some Native beginnings someplace in her line.  Cherokee has become a generic discussion like Kleenex.  It may also have meant that Indian heritage was claimed to encompass much less desirable African heritage.  Institutionalized bigotry existed against any people of color in pre-1967 America, merely Indians by and large retained some rights that people of African ancestry did not.  Laws varied past state and time.  Take a wait at my blog virtually Anti-Miscegenation Laws and when they were overturned.

Now, allow'southward look at DNA testing to see what information technology can do for you.

Dna Testing to Prove Native Ancestry

In that location are iii types of DNA testing that you lot tin exercise to prove Native Ancestry.  Two are very focused on specific family lines, and one is much more general.

• Mitochondrial for your direct maternal line.
• Y-line for your direct paternal line – if you lot are a male. Sorry ladies.
• Autosomal to exam your ethnic mix and 1 direct mark test for Native ancestors.

On a pedigree chart, these genealogical lines await similar this:

You tin can see the path that the blue Y chromosome takes down the paternal line to the brother and the path the red mitochondrial DNA takes downwardly the maternal line to both the brother and the sister.  Autosomal tests the DNA of all of the 16 ancestral lines shown here, simply in a dissimilar sort of fashion.

Let's await at each blazon of testing separately.

Y-Line Deoxyribonucleic acid – For Paternal Line Testing for Males

The Y-line testing tests the Y chromosome which is passed intact from father to son with no DNA from the mother. This is the blue square on the pedigree nautical chart. In this style, it remains the same in each generation, allowing us to compare information technology to others with a like surname to come across if nosotros are from the same "Smith" family, for example, or to others with unlike surnames, in the case of adoption or Native heritage.  Native American genetics isn't terribly unlike than adoptees in this state of affairs, because different English surnames were adopted by various family members, into the late 1800s and sometimes into the early 1900s, depending on the location.

Y-line Deoxyribonucleic acid can tell y'all whether or not you lot descend from a common male genealogically when compared to another testing participant.  Small mutations do have place and accumulate over fourth dimension, and we depend on those so that we don't all "look akin" genetically.  It can likewise tell you by identifying your deep ancestral association, called a haplogroup, whether or not you descend from early on Native Americans who were hither before contact with Europeans.  For that matter, it can also tell you lot if yous descend from those of African, European or Asian ancestry.

Scientists know today that in that location are only two primary haplogroups indicating deep beginnings that are found amid Native American males who were here prior to contact with Indo-Europeans, and those haplogroups are C and Q3.  It is not authentic to say that all C and Q3 individuals exist only in the American Native population, but the American Native population is function of the larger grouping worldwide that comprises C and Q3.  We find some haplogroup C and Q3 in Europe but none in African populations, although we do learn more every unmarried day in this infant science.

This sometimes becomes confusing, because the single virtually common male person haplogroup amidst electric current Cherokee tribal members who have tested is R1b.  How tin can this be, you inquire?  Clearly, 1 of three possibilities exists:

1. The Cherokee (or those tribes who were alloyed into the Cherokee) adopted a European male into the tribe or a European male fathered a kid that was subsequently raised as Cherokee.
2. The R1b ancestor was non adopted into the tribe, maintained their European/American identity but married a Cherokee individual woman and their descendants are recognized every bit Cherokee today.
3. In that location is some level of R1b admixture in the Native population that preceded contact with Europeans that nosotros take non yet identified.

Considering of the unique haplogroups for Native Americans who preceded European contact, Y-line is the only style to positively confirm that a specific line is or is not of Native American descent.  This obviously applies to all of the individuals in the full-blooded chart who directly descend from the oldest known antecedent in this paternal line.

Y-line testing does not indicate anything about the contributions of the other ancestors in this family tree.  In other words, you could exist three/four^th Native, with only the direct paternal line being European, and this test would tell you nothing at all about those other three Native lines.

When ordering DNA tests at Family unit Tree Deoxyribonucleic acid, which is where I recommend that you test, everyone is encouraged to join projects.  In that location are several types of projects, but to begin with, yous should join your surname project.  Not only does this group you with others whom you are likely to match, merely this besides assures that you receive the projection based discounts.  I blogged about how to detect and join relevant projects.

You tin can exam at 12, 25, 37, 67 or 111 marker "locations" on the Y chromosome. I by and large recommend 37 or 67 to begin which gives you lot enough to work with but isn't terribly expensive.  At Family unit Tree Dna, you can always upgrade subsequently, but it'due south less expensive in total to test more initially.

Family Tree Dna provides significant tools for Y-line Dna besides equally Mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid. At Family Tree DNA, for all their tests, you are provided with the e-mail addresses of your matches. At Ancestry and 23andMe, you contact matches through their internal message system. My experience has been that directly east-mails take a better response rate.

The person looking for Native Heritage will exist most interested in their haplogroup designation.  If your haplogroup is either Q or C, y'all'll want to join your haplogroup project, minimally, as well equally other relevant Native American projects, and work with the administrators for further testing.  Think, neither haplogroup Q nor C are always Native, so deeper testing may be in order.  You may also match others with confirmed Native heritage, including a tribe.

If the haplogroup is not Native, so you'll accept to take a look at possible reasons why.

One can never interpret non-Native haplogroup results of any one line to answer the much broader questions of, "do I have Native heritage", "how much" and "where?"  What you can do at that point is to continue to test other lines in order to discover the identity of your Native American ancestor.

Plainly, the Y-line examination is only for males. Ladies, I experience your hurting. Notwithstanding, these next tests are for both sexes.

Mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid – For Direct Maternal Line Testing for Both Sexes

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited by all children from their mother just, with no admixture from the male parent. Women obtain their mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid from their mother, who got it from their female parent, on up the line into infinity. This is the ruby-red circle on the right hand side of the pedigree chart. Like Y-line DNA, mitochondrial DNA is passed intact from one generation to the adjacent, except for an occasional mutation that allows the states to identify family unit members and family unit lines.

Unfortunately, information technology does non follow whatsoever surname. In fact the surname changes with every generation when women marry. This makes it more challenging to work with genealogically, but certainly not incommunicable. Because of the surname changes in every generation, there are no "surname" projects for mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid, per se, only there are other types of projects.  For instance, the Mothers of Acadia project is using mitochondrial DNA to reconstruct the Acadian families including those of Native American heritage.

There are three levels of testing you can take for mitochondrial DNA at Family Tree Dna, which is where I recommend that yous examination. The mtDNA, the mtDNAPlus and the Full Sequence. The mtDNA test is a starter exam that volition provide you with a base of operations haplogroup, but will get out people searching for Native ancestry needing a more than consummate exam for full haplogroup identification confirming Native ancestry. I strongly recommend the total sequence test, simply if the budget just won't allow that, then the mtDNAPlus will do until y'all can afford to upgrade. Family unit Tree DNA is the only major lab that tests the full sequence region, plus, they have the largest matching data base of operations in the industry.

To put this in perspective for yous, the mtDNA and the mtDNAPlus tests both test about x% of your mitochondrial DNA and the full sequence test tests all of your 16,569 mitochondrial locations. Y'all tin then compare them with other people who have taken any of those three tests.  Pricing for the mtDNAPlus is currently $139 and the full sequence is $199.

MtDNA testing is not equally popular as Y-line testing because it's more difficult to use genealogically as last names change every generation.  When yous await at your matches, you accept no idea whatever if you might exist related to these people in a genealogically relevant fourth dimension frame past looking at their last names.  Those who have invested the endeavor to collaboratively piece of work on their mtDNA matches, assuming a full sequence lucifer and a shared geographical history as well, have been pleasantly surprised by what they've found.

A haplogroup assigning deep ancestry is provided through mitochondrial testing, so like the Y-line, depending on the haplogroup assigned, yous will know if your ancestors were here before European contact.  Maternal haplogroups that signal Native heritage include A, B, C, D and X.  Like Y-line DNA testing, none of these haplogroups are sectional to Native Americans, and then a full sequence level exam will be required to ostend a Native American subgroup.

After you receive your results, you can enter the mtDNA and mtDNAPlus portions into public information bases. There are no public data bases for the full sequence segment because there may be medical implications in some of those mutations, so they are not displayed publicly although they are compared privately inside the Family unit Tree DNA data base of operations. You volition want to enter your data and check for matches at www.mitosearch.org (upload straight from your matches page at Family Tree Deoxyribonucleic acid), www.smgf.org and world wide web.ancestry.com, although beware of Ancestry's accuracy issues.

Update: As of 2019, mitosearch and SMGF no longer exist and Beginnings no longer sells Y and mitochondrial Dna tests, having destroyed their database.

Testing the Y-line and mitochondrial DNA individually gives us a great deal of very specific information about 2 lines in your full-blooded chart.  The best method of identifying Native American ancestors is indeed to test as many lines on your DNA pedigree nautical chart using this methodology as possible.  Let's take a infinitesimal to expect at how to create a Dna pedigree nautical chart.

DNA Pedigree Chart

If your Y-line and mitochondrial DNA take proven not to exist Native, that doesn't mean that the residue of your lines aren't.

Let'southward take a expect at how to create a DNA pedigree nautical chart and so that you tin focus your Y-line and mitochondrial DNA testing for other lines.

The purpose of a DNA pedigree chart is to provide guidance in terms of inheritance and as well to provide a way of documenting your progress.  My chart is shown below, equally an case.

Yous can see the Y-line of my father and the mitochondrial line of my mother, on both ends of the pedigree chart.  At the tiptop of each line, I have recorded the haplogroup information for each family.  Color coding each line helps in tracking descendants who would behave the DNA of the antecedent of that line.  For instance, my female parent'southward father's mother'southward line is the yellow Miller line.  I need to find a daughter of my granddad'southward sisters, or their children, or their daughter'southward children, to exam for that mitochondrial DNA line.  Which reminds me, I need to call my cousin.  Family reunions, picnics and holidays are great for this type of thing.  Sadly, and so are funerals.

I blogged well-nigh how to put together your ain Dna pedigree chart. If y'all're Native and adopted, then refer to the adoptee web log instead, or in addition.

But sometimes, nosotros can't find the right people in order to test, so nosotros movement to autosomal testing to aid us fill up in the blanks.

Autosomal Testing – For Both Sexes – The Rest of the Story

Autosomal Deoxyribonucleic acid testing tests all of your 23 pairs of chromosomes that you inherit from both of your parents. Yous go one-half of each chromosome from each parent. Y'all can see this pattern on the pedigree chart, represented by all of the sixteen genealogical lines. Therefore, equally you movement up that tree, yous should have inherited about 25% of your DNA from each grandparent, about 12.five% of your Dna from each great-grandparent, every bit accept all of their other keen-grandchildren.

Therefore get-go with your parents, you carry the following approximate amount of Dna from each of these ancestors. I say approximate, considering while you do receive exactly 50% of your Deoxyribonucleic acid from each parent, in that location is no guarantee that their parents Dna was admixed in your parents such that you receive exactly 25% from each grandparent, but it's close.  You tin can see the percentages in the chart below.

Generation	Relationship	% of Their DNA You Carry
one	Parents	l
2	Grandparents	25
iii	Great-grandparents	12.five
four	GG-grandparents	six.25
5	GGG-grandparents	iii.125
half dozen	GGGG-grandparents	1.56
7	GGGGG-Grandparents	0.78

Given this chart, if the Native percentage is back across 6 generations and drops below the 1% threshold, it'southward extremely difficult to discern today.

Autosomal testing will selection up relationships reliably back to about the vi^th or vii^th generations, and sporadically beyond that.

Autosomal testing provides you minimally with two things.  Outset, with a list of "cousin matches" by per centum and estimated relationship.  2d, percentages of ethnicity.  Information technology'due south this second part that's most of import for the person seeking to prove Native American heritage.

Percentages of Ethnicity

As the field of genetic genealogy has moved forwards, research has begun to indicate that certain autosomal markers are found in higher or lower frequencies in different indigenous populations.

For example, if someone has the Duffy Goose egg allele, or genetic mark, we know they positively accept African admixture.  We don't know how much African admixture, or from which line, or when that private with African admixture entered their family tree, merely we know for sure they existed.

Attempting to determine the population frequency of varying markers and what that means relative to other populations is the key to this assay.  Few markers are only present or absent-minded in populations, but are institute in varying frequencies.  Some populations are widely studied in the inquiry literature, and others are about untouched.  Thousands have only been recently discovered every bit part of the National Geographic, Genographic project.

The process of compiling this information in a meaningful manner so that it can be analyzed is a formidable task, as the information is often plant in most inaccessible bookish and forensic research publications.  It's difficult to make up one's mind sometimes if the Deoxyribonucleic acid analysis of 29 individuals in a modest village in northern Italy is, for case, representative of that hamlet as a whole, of northern Italia, or more than broadly for all of Italy.  Is it representative of Italy today or Italia historically?  These and other similar questions have to be answered fully before the data from autosomal testing tin be useful and reliable.

Let's take a look at all 3 of the contemporary autosomal tests and what they accept to offer.

Note: equally of 2019, MyHeritage is also a major histrion in the autosomal DNA testing space.

Family Tree DNA

Family Tree DNA sells the Family Finder test. Right now it is priced at $79 or bundled with bonny pricing with either the Y-line or mitochondrial Dna tests. I often similar to utilise this tool in conjunction with the Y-line and mitochondrial Dna tests to run into, if you match someone closely, whether y'all are actually related to them in a recent timeframe or if information technology is further back. Family Tree DNA is the only one of the autosomal testing companies that has the ability to do this type of advanced comparing.  Compared to 23andMe and Geno ii.0, they are the only ones to offer traditional Y-line and mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid testing which provides individual marking results and matches.

In improver to a list of autosomal matches, you lot will receive your breakdown of ethnicity, past per centum.  The results below are for the same human being with Native beginnings whose Geno 2.0 results are shown in the Geno 2.0 – First Peek weblog.

You lot tin can read more than about the Family unit Tree Deoxyribonucleic acid autosomal product on their FAQ.

23andMe

Another visitor that sells autosomal testing is http://www.23andme.com. In addition to a list of cousins, you also receive admixture percentages, and their specialty, health traits.  Y'all also receive a paternal and maternal haplogroup, simply with no markers for personal comparing.  These Y-line and mitochondrial results are not as authentic at the Geno two.0 nor the Family Tree DNA Y-line and mitochondrial DNA full sequence tests.

Exist aware that while people who test at Family unit Tree Deoxyribonucleic acid are interested in genealogy, the typical person at 23andMe tested for the health portion, not the genealogy portion, and may not answer contact requests or may know very fiddling nearly their family history.

Right now, their test is $99, and y'all can download your results and upload them to Family Tree Dna for an additional $89, making the total price similar to the Family Tree Dna examination. However, you need to exist somewhat technically savvy to consummate the download/upload process.

23andMe recently released a new version of their software which added quite a fleck of resolution after years of being woefully behind.  Native American wasn't even a category previously.

Ancestry

Ancestry.com recently introduced an autosomal examination.  You receive matches and ethnicity percentages.  However, their ethnicity percentages accept significant issues and I would not recommend them at this time.  Their cousin matches come with no analysis tools.  So for now, only skip Ancestry and concentrate on the other resource.

I Terminal Autosomal Test

One marker value in particular, known as D9S919 is present in about xxx% of the Native people.  The value of nine at this marker is not known to be present in any other ethnic group, so this mutation occurred after the Native people migrated beyond Beringia into the Americas, simply long enough ago to be present in many descendants.  You can test this marker individually at Family Tree DNA, which is the only lab that offers this exam.  If you have the value of 9 at this marker, it confirms Native heritage, simply if you lot don't bear 9, information technology does NOT disprove Native heritage.  After all, many Native people don't carry it.

To order this examination, for existing Family unit Tree Dna clients, click on the "Club Upgrade" orange push on the right paw side of your personal page, then on "Avant-garde Test", then enter "autosomal" in the drib down box, so you will meet the list below. D9S919 is the terminal ane and information technology costs $15.  There may be a $10 1 time transfer fee besides if your Dna sample is not in the Houston lab.

Swimming in Many Pools

As you tin can run across there are lots of tools bachelor to you lot that can exist used individually or in conjunction with each other.  Like anything else, the more piece of work and effort you are willing to devote to the search, the more likely y'all are to be successful.

Well-nigh people exam their Y-line and mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid, non just for Native ancestry, just to learn more than nigh the lines they can test for themselves without reaching out to other family unit members.

Employ your DNA pedigree chart to plan who to inquire in your extended family to test for which lines.

Plan to test with multiple autosomal testing companies.  Autosomal testing in particular is still in its infancy. I like to use the results of multiple companies, specially when yous are dealing with small amounts of admixture.  They use different markers, combinations, assay tools and reference populations, and then you can look slightly unlike results.  One company may option upwards slight minority admixture while another may non.  This has happened repeatedly with both my Native and African minority admixture.

GedMatch

Later y'all obtain your results from either Family Tree Deoxyribonucleic acid or 23andMe, yous'll want to download your raw information results and and so upload the file to www.gedmatch.com. This is a privately run "donation" site, not associated with any of the testing companies, pregnant there is no subscription or fee to apply the tools, simply they do capeesh and are funded by donations.

After uploading your results you can utilize several admixture tools to compare and dissimilarity your results.

Getting Help

If you're struggling with working through your family possibilities for who to test, I do offer a Deoxyribonucleic acid Test Plan service.

If y'all would similar a Personalized Dna Report for Y-line or mitochondrial results, those are bachelor as well.

If you have what amounts to a quick question that I can answer in less than an hr, including prep, I offering the Quick Consult service.

For more than extensive consulting, contact me.  Y'all tin can meet my services hither.

In Summary

Finding our Native ancestors is a way to pay homage to their lives and to the civilization that was stripped from their descendants, ironically, by using their own DNA that has been gifted from them to us.  Native people, after contact with Europeans were marginalized, and that's the best that tin can be said.  Many were killed, either intentionally or past European diseases, or enslaved.  The results are that Native people left few if any individual records and those that might exist available oftentimes can't be identified or linked to them personally.  For those who cannot unearth their Native ancestry using conventional genealogical means, genetic testing is the last promise left.  Fortunately, the tools and our knowledge meliorate every solar day.  We're making corking strides with what we can do, enlarging what was a pinhole into a keyhole, allowing united states of america to peer into the by.  So, click your heels, order your tests and permit's see where your Dna takes you lot.

______________________________________________________________

Disclosure

I receive a small-scale contribution when y'all click on some of the links to vendors in my manufactures. This does NOT increase the toll you pay just helps me to go along the lights on and this advisory web log costless for anybody. Delight click on the links in the articles or to the vendors beneath if you are purchasing products or DNA testing.

Cheers so much.

Deoxyribonucleic acid Purchases and Gratuitous Transfers

• Family Tree Deoxyribonucleic acid
• MyHeritage DNA simply
• MyHeritage DNA plus Health
• MyHeritage Complimentary DNA file upload
• AncestryDNA
• 23andMe Beginnings
• 23andMe Ancestry Plus Health
• LivingDNA

Genealogy Services

• MyHeritage FREE Tree Builder
• MyHeritage Subscription with Complimentary Trial

Genealogy Research

• Legacy Tree Genealogists for genealogy research

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Source: https://dna-explained.com/2012/12/18/proving-native-american-ancestry-using-dna/

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